SUBMICROSCOPIC CHANGES IN THE PARENCHYMA OF THE SPLEEN UNDER THE ACTION OF EXTRACELLULAR DEHYDRATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2025;13(3):702-711Keywords:
spleen, dehydration, rat, lymphocyte, reticular cell, endotheliocyteAbstract
Introduction: Dehydration is a perilous condition affecting the body, leading to alterations in the structural and functional integrity of all organs and tissues. This study aimed to examine the changes in the spleen under conditions of mild, moderate, and severe extracellular dehydration.
Methods: Sixty adult male rats were divided into control and experimental groups. Extracellular dehydration was induced by demineralised diet and intraperitoneal injections of furosemide for 30, 60 and 90 days. Organometric parameters and ultrastructural changes of spleen were investigated.
Results: Dehydration caused a progressive decrease in the size of the spleen. Submicroscopically, initial cellular damage was observed after 30 days, including nuclear deformation and mitochondrial oedema. By day 60, apoptosis and cytolysis with extensive vacuolisation and accumulation of cellular detritus were predominant. Severe degeneration by day 90 included cell membrane destruction, white pulp depletion and significant vascular stasis and thrombosis.
Discussion: The results highlight the sensitivity of the spleen to dehydration-induced stress, with changes in lymphocyte populations and macrophage structures suggesting impaired immune function. Alterations in macrophage structure and lymphocyte density highlight dehydration's effect on immune function. Observed vascular responses, such as ischemia and microthrombi formation, reflect systemic impacts across organ systems. The findings align with studies on thyroid adaptations under dehydration, underscoring organ-specific resilience. Furthermore, oxidative stress-induced changes from nanoparticles mirror dehydration-induced spleen pathology, emphasizing the spleen's role as a biomarker for systemic stress. The obtained data obtained give an idea of the adaptability of the spleen to external factors.
Downloads
References
Mietlicki-Baase EG, Santollo J, Daniels D. Fluid intake, what's dopamine got to do with it? Physiology & Behavior. 2021;236:113418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113418.
Bailey TW, do Nascimento NC, Dos Santos AP, Sivasankar MP, Cox A. Comparative proteomic changes in rabbit vocal folds undergoing systemic dehydration and systemic rehydration. J Proteomics. 2023;270:104734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104734.
Perry RJ, Rabin-Court A, Song JD, Cardone RL, Wang Y, Kibbey RG, et al. Dehydration and insulinopenia are necessary and sufficient for euglycemic ketoacidosis in SGLT2 inhibitor-treated rats. Nat Commun. 2019;10:548. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08466-w.
Hryntsova NB, Khomenko IV, Romanyuk AM, Bumeister VI, Kravtsova IA. Morphological and morphometric rearrangements of the rat adenohypophysial-thyroid system under the experimental extracellular dehydration. World of Medicine and Biology. 2019;2(68):174-9. https://doi.org/10.26724/2079-8334-2019-2-68-174-179
Santollo J, Myers KE, Rainer IL, Edwards AA. Gonadal hormones in female rats protect against dehydration-induced memory impairments in the novel object recognition paradigm. Hormones and Behavior. 2019;114:104547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.06.011
Santollo J, Edwards AA. How predictive is body weight on fluid intake in rats? It depends on sex. Physiology & Behavior. 2021;229:113262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113262.
Feng P, Wu J, Ren Y, Zhang L, Cao J, Yang L. Early pregnancy regulates the expression of prolactin and its receptor in the thymus, the liver, the spleen and lymph nodes in sheep. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 2022;81:106731.
Chauhan A, Mamun AA, Spiegel G, Harris N, Zhu L, McCullough LD. Splenectomy protects aged mice from injury after experimental stroke. Neurobiology of Aging. 2018;61:102-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.022.
Seifert HA, Offner H. The splenic response to stroke: from rodents to stroke subjects. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15:195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1239-9.
Mehrvarz S, Shahabi S, Mohammadi Mofrad R, Sheikhbahaei E, Moslehi M. An experimental rat model of hilar splenic vessel ligation versus splenectomy for spleen trauma. Int J Burns Trauma. 2018;8(5):117-25.
Zhang J, Zhao Y, Sun N, Song M, Chen Y, Li L, [et al]. Lycopene Alleviates Chronic Stress-Induced Spleen Apoptosis and Immunosuppression via Inhibiting the Notch Signaling Pathway in Rats. J. Agric. Food Chem.2022;70,9:2889-97. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07550.
Prykhodko O, Sikora V. Structural сhanges of the thymus parenchyma under the condition of general dehydration. Journal of Morphological Sciences. 2023; 40:230–256.
Kovchun VY, Smiianov VA, Kovchun AV, Kachkovska VV, Sikora VZ. Ultramorphometric characteristics of acini and microvasculature of the pancreas in the presence of moderate dehydration. Wiad Lek. 2022;75(4 pt 2):998-1001. https://doi.org/10.36740/WLek202204214. PMID: 35633332.
Gillard BT, Amor N, Iraizoz FA, Pauža AG, Campbell C, Greenwood MP, Alagaili AN, Murphy D. Mobilisation of jerboa kidney gene networks during dehydration and opportunistic rehydration. iScience. 2023 Aug 9;26(9):107574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107574. PMID: 37664605; PMCID: PMC10470305.
Rybolovlev YR, Rybolovlev RS. Dosage of substances for mammals based on the constant of biological activity. Doklady AN SSSR. 1979;247(6):1513–1516.
Pogoryelov MV, Bumeyster VІ, Tkach HF, Bolotna ІV, Bonchev SD. Suchasnі uyavlennya pro vodno-solyovyi obmіn (oglyad lіteratury ta metody vlasnykh doslіdzhen). Vіsnyk problem bіolohyi і medytsyny. 2009; 2:8-14. [in Ukrainian].
Underwood W, Anthony R. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. 2020. Available via https://www.avma.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Guidelines-on-Euthanasia-2020.pdf.
Asim M, Alkadi MM, Asim H, Ghaffar A. Dehydration and volume depletion: How to handle the misconceptions. World J Nephrol 2019; 8(1): 23-32 [PMID: 30705869 https://doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v8.i1.23]
Mosendz T. Histo-ultrastruktura nervovo-miazovykh zakinchen ta hemomikrotsyrkuliatornoho rusla skeletnykh miaziv v normi i v umovakh eksperymentalnoi dehidratatsii [Histo-ultrastructure of neuromuscular endings and hemomicrocirculatory bed of skeletal muscles in normal conditions and in conditions of experimental dehydration]. Naukovyi visnyk Uzhhorodskoho universytetu: Seriia: Biolohiia. 2011;30:128-32.
Oleson S, Cox A, Liu Z, Sivasankar MP, Lu K-H. In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Rat Vocal Folds After Systemic Dehydration and Rehydration. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2020;63(1):135-42. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00062.
Uno T, Hasegawa T, Horiuchi M. Combined stimuli of cold, hypoxia, and dehydration status on body temperature in rats: a pilot study with practical implications for humans. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13:530. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05375-w.
Fetissov SO, Meguid MM. Food intake and meal pattern in response to hyperosmotic-induced dehydration in obese and lean Zucker rats. Nutrition: X. 2020;6:100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutx.2020.100011.
Makarenko OL, Koptev MM, Fylenko BM, Vynnyk NI, Kokovska OV, Makarenko AL [ta in.]. Vliyanie na selezenku ostrogo immobilizatsionnogo stressa, vizvannogo fiksatsiei kris za sheinuyu skladku [The effect on the spleen of acute immobilization stress caused by fixation of rats by the cervical fold]. Ukrainskyi zhurnal medytsyny, biolohii ta sportu. 2021;6,3(31):108-13.
Sharif S, Fatima R, Naz S. Toxic Effects of Metallic Nanoparticles on Rat’s Spleen; a Review.Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2023;32(2):991-7. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/156883.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Olha Prykhodko, Olha Yarmolenko, Dmytro Riabenko, Tatyana Riabenko
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
ISSN: 
