ROLE OF PATHOGENIC PROTEINS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(4):475-490Keywords:
Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration, inflammation, amyloid, tau-peptide, metals, pathogenic proteins, pathogenic microorganismsAbstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia affecting up to 70% of all patients with dementia. Currently, the relevance of this neurodegenerative disease has increased due to its prevalence and lack of etiological and effective treatment. The consequence of this is an increase in the number of studies and scientific works aimed at studying this disease. The aim of the study was to analyze and systematize data on the prevalence, socioeconomic significance, theories of origin, as well as the role of pathogenic proteins in the development of Alzheimer's disease.
The authors searched for information in electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, with scientific papers and articles from the last 25 years on such key terms as Alzheimer's disease, β-amyloid, tau-peptide, metals, inflammation, S100 proteins.
There are more than 56 million people with Alzheimer's disease in the world and the risk increases with age. Among the causes of death, Alzheimer's disease ranks sixth, and the costs of care about person with this diagnosis are three times higher than for other diseases in the same age group. That is why this issue has significant socio-economic significance. Many hypotheses have emerged in recent decades. For a long time, the theory of β-amyloid aggregation and the theory of tau protein were considered main, but later the priorities began to change.
It has been found that the presence of pathogenic microorganisms can pose a risk for Alzheimer's disease. Also, some studies indicate the role of acetylcholine in the development of the disease, however, clinical trials have not confirmed this. There is a violation of metal homeostasis, which contributes to cognitive deficits and the development of neurodegeneration. Microglia, astrocytes and neurons are involved in the inflammatory process in Alzheimer's disease. There is a vicious circle when Aβ causes vascular insufficiency, which in turn leads to an increase in Aβ accumulation. Also there is evidence of a direct relationship between oxidative stress and neuronal dysfunction.
Undoubtedly, pathogenic proteins, including Aβ-peptide, tau-peptide and proteins of the S100 family, play a leading role in the development of Alzheimer's disease.
Despite numerous studies, the causal or consequential role of various pathological factors and changes in Alzheimer's disease is still ambiguous and inconsistent. All this gives grounds for further scientific research in this direction.
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